LIMITES DA JUSTIÇA: o papel do sistema de justiça criminal na redução do crime

O presente artigo discute a eficácia do sistema de justiça criminal na redução dos níveis de crime. Mais especificamente, examina o impacto de algumas estratégias utilitárias de justiça penal, como as da incapacitação, dissuasão e reabilitação, na prática criminal. A análise dos resultados das mais recentes investigações criminológicas sugere que o sistema de justiça penal tem sérias limitações como instrumento de controle do crime. Na realidade, um acervo crescente de literatura académica dedicada à análise do impacto de várias estratégias penais, baseadas em mudanças nas leis, na aplicação da lei, nas políticas de sentença ou nos programas correcionais, nos níveis dos crime, constatou que, na maior parte dos casos, os efeitos eram inexistentes, transitórios ou apenas modestos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: efetividade do sistema de justiça criminal, estratégias utilitaristas, impactos nas taxas de crime.LIMITS OF JUSTICE: the role of the criminal justice system in crime reduction Cheryl Marie Webster This paper focuses on the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in reducing crime. Specifically, it examines the impact of such utilitarian criminal justice strategies as incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation on criminal behaviour. A review of some of the more recent criminological researches suggests that the criminal justice system has serious limitations as an instrument of crime control. In fact, a growing body of academic literature examining the impact on crime rates of various strategies rooted in changes in laws, enforcement techniques, sentencing policy or correctional programs has found - in most cases - either nonexistent, transient or only modest effects. KEYWORDS: effectiveness of the criminal justice system, utilitarian criminal justice strategies, impacts on crime rates.LES LIMITES DE LA JUSTICE: le rôle du système de justice criminelle dans la diminution des crimes Cheryl Marie Webster Cet article traite de l’efficacité du système de la justice criminelle quant à la réduction des taux de criminalité. Il examine plus spécifiquement l’impact de quelques stratégies utilitaires de justice pénale dans la pratique criminelle telles que l’incapacité, la dissuasion et la réhabilitation. L’analyse des résultas des investigations criminelles les plus récentes démontre que le système de justice pénale a des sérieuses limitations en tant qu’instrument de contrôle du crime. En effet, l’augmentation d’un fonds de littérature scientifique consacrée à l’analyse de l’impact des diverses stratégies pénales, basées sur des changements de lois, sur leur application, sur les changements dans les politiques de jugement ou sur les programmes correctionnels, et encore sur les niveaux des crimes, a permis de constater que dans la plupart des cas les effets étaient inexistants, transitoires ou simplement modestes. MOTS-CLÉS: efficacité du système de justice criminelle, stratégies utilitaristes, impacts sur les taux de criminalité.Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.b

Protective glove use and hygiene habits modify the associations of specific pesticides with Parkinson's disease

Pesticides have been associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and protective gloves and workplace hygiene can reduce pesticide exposure. We assessed whether use of gloves and workplace hygiene modified associations between pesticides and PD. The Farming and Movement Evaluation (FAME) Study is a nested case-control study within the Agricultural Health Study. Use of protective gloves, other PPE, and hygiene practices were determined by questionnaire (69 cases and 237 controls were included). We considered interactions of gloves and hygiene with ever-use of pesticides for all pesticides with ≥ 5 exposed and unexposed cases and controls in each glove-use stratum (paraquat, permethrin, rotenone, and trifluralin). 61% of respondents consistently used protective gloves and 87% consistently used ≥ 2 hygiene practices. Protective glove use modified the associations of paraquat and permethrin with PD: neither pesticide was associated with PD among protective glove users, while both pesticides were associated with PD among non-users (paraquat OR 3.9 [95% CI 1.3, 11.7], interaction p=0.15; permethrin OR 4.3 [95% CI 1.2, 15.6] interaction p=0.05). Rotenone was associated with PD regardless of glove use. Trifluralin was associated with PD among people who used <2 hygiene practices (OR 5.5 [95% CI 1.1, 27.1]) but was not associated with PD among people who used 2 or more practices (interaction p=0.02). Although sample size was limited in the FAME study, protective glove use and hygiene practices appeared to be important modifiers of the association between pesticides and PD and may reduce risk of PD associated with certain pesticides

Bi-allelic Loss-of-Function CACNA1B Mutations in Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia.

The occurrence of non-epileptic hyperkinetic movements in the context of developmental epileptic encephalopathies is an increasingly recognized phenomenon. Identification of causative mutations provides an important insight into common pathogenic mechanisms that cause both seizures and abnormal motor control. We report bi-allelic loss-of-function CACNA1B variants in six children from three unrelated families whose affected members present with a complex and progressive neurological syndrome. All affected individuals presented with epileptic encephalopathy, severe neurodevelopmental delay (often with regression), and a hyperkinetic movement disorder. Additional neurological features included postnatal microcephaly and hypotonia. Five children died in childhood or adolescence (mean age of death: 9 years), mainly as a result of secondary respiratory complications. CACNA1B encodes the pore-forming subunit of the pre-synaptic neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.2/N-type, crucial for SNARE-mediated neurotransmission, particularly in the early postnatal period. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in CACNA1B are predicted to cause disruption of Ca2+ influx, leading to impaired synaptic neurotransmission. The resultant effect on neuronal function is likely to be important in the development of involuntary movements and epilepsy. Overall, our findings provide further evidence for the key role of Cav2.2 in normal human neurodevelopment.MAK is funded by an NIHR Research Professorship and receives funding from the Wellcome Trust, Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital Charity, and Rosetrees Trust. E.M. received funding from the Rosetrees Trust (CD-A53) and Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity. K.G. received funding from Temple Street Foundation. A.M. is funded by Great Ormond Street Hospital, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), and Biomedical Research Centre. F.L.R. and D.G. are funded by Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. K.C. and A.S.J. are funded by NIHR Bioresource for Rare Diseases. The DDD Study presents independent research commissioned by the Health Innovation Challenge Fund (grant number HICF-1009-003), a parallel funding partnership between the Wellcome Trust and the Department of Health, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (grant number WT098051). We acknowledge support from the UK Department of Health via the NIHR comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London. This research was also supported by the NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre. J.H.C. is in receipt of an NIHR Senior Investigator Award. The research team acknowledges the support of the NIHR through the Comprehensive Clinical Research Network. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, Department of Health, or Wellcome Trust. E.R.M. acknowledges support from NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, an NIHR Senior Investigator Award, and the University of Cambridge has received salary support in respect of E.R.M. from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academic Reserve. I.E.S. is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Program Grant and Practitioner Fellowship)

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Multiorgan MRI findings after hospitalisation with COVID-19 in the UK (C-MORE): a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study

Introduction: The multiorgan impact of moderate to severe coronavirus infections in the post-acute phase is still poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities after hospitalisation with COVID-19, evaluate their determinants, and explore associations with patient-related outcome measures. Methods: In a prospective, UK-wide, multicentre MRI follow-up study (C-MORE), adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital following COVID-19 who were included in Tier 2 of the Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) and contemporary controls with no evidence of previous COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody negative) underwent multiorgan MRI (lungs, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys) with quantitative and qualitative assessment of images and clinical adjudication when relevant. Individuals with end-stage renal failure or contraindications to MRI were excluded. Participants also underwent detailed recording of symptoms, and physiological and biochemical tests. The primary outcome was the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities (two or more organs) relative to controls, with further adjustments for potential confounders. The C-MORE study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04510025. Findings: Of 2710 participants in Tier 2 of PHOSP-COVID, 531 were recruited across 13 UK-wide C-MORE sites. After exclusions, 259 C-MORE patients (mean age 57 years [SD 12]; 158 [61%] male and 101 [39%] female) who were discharged from hospital with PCR-confirmed or clinically diagnosed COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and Nov 1, 2021, and 52 non-COVID-19 controls from the community (mean age 49 years [SD 14]; 30 [58%] male and 22 [42%] female) were included in the analysis. Patients were assessed at a median of 5·0 months (IQR 4·2–6·3) after hospital discharge. Compared with non-COVID-19 controls, patients were older, living with more obesity, and had more comorbidities. Multiorgan abnormalities on MRI were more frequent in patients than in controls (157 [61%] of 259 vs 14 [27%] of 52; p&lt;0·0001) and independently associated with COVID-19 status (odds ratio [OR] 2·9 [95% CI 1·5–5·8]; padjusted=0·0023) after adjusting for relevant confounders. Compared with controls, patients were more likely to have MRI evidence of lung abnormalities (p=0·0001; parenchymal abnormalities), brain abnormalities (p&lt;0·0001; more white matter hyperintensities and regional brain volume reduction), and kidney abnormalities (p=0·014; lower medullary T1 and loss of corticomedullary differentiation), whereas cardiac and liver MRI abnormalities were similar between patients and controls. Patients with multiorgan abnormalities were older (difference in mean age 7 years [95% CI 4–10]; mean age of 59·8 years [SD 11·7] with multiorgan abnormalities vs mean age of 52·8 years [11·9] without multiorgan abnormalities; p&lt;0·0001), more likely to have three or more comorbidities (OR 2·47 [1·32–4·82]; padjusted=0·0059), and more likely to have a more severe acute infection (acute CRP &gt;5mg/L, OR 3·55 [1·23–11·88]; padjusted=0·025) than those without multiorgan abnormalities. Presence of lung MRI abnormalities was associated with a two-fold higher risk of chest tightness, and multiorgan MRI abnormalities were associated with severe and very severe persistent physical and mental health impairment (PHOSP-COVID symptom clusters) after hospitalisation. Interpretation: After hospitalisation for COVID-19, people are at risk of multiorgan abnormalities in the medium term. Our findings emphasise the need for proactive multidisciplinary care pathways, with the potential for imaging to guide surveillance frequency and therapeutic stratification

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

LIMITES DA JUSTIÇA: o papel do sistema de justiça criminal na redução do crime

<html> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" http-equiv="content-type"> <title>(47)11 Cheryl Marie Webster</title> </head> <body> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br> O presente artigo discute a efic&aacute;cia do sistema de justi&ccedil;a criminal na redu&ccedil;&atilde;o dos n&iacute;veis de crime. Mais especificamente, examina o impacto de algumas estrat&eacute;gias utilit&aacute;rias de justi&ccedil;a penal, como as da incapacita&ccedil;&atilde;o, dissuas&atilde;o e reabilita&ccedil;&atilde;o, na pr&aacute;tica criminal. A an&aacute;lise dos resultados das mais recentes investiga&ccedil;&otilde;es criminol&oacute;gicas sugere que o sistema de justi&ccedil;a penal tem s&eacute;rias limita&ccedil;&otilde;es como instrumento de controle do crime. Na realidade, um acervo crescente de literatura acad&eacute;mica dedicada &agrave; an&aacute;lise do impacto de v&aacute;rias estrat&eacute;gias penais, baseadas em mudan&ccedil;as nas leis, na aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o da lei, nas pol&iacute;ticas<br> de senten&ccedil;a ou nos programas correcionais, nos n&iacute;veis dos crime, constatou que, na maior parte dos casos, os efeitos eram inexistentes, transit&oacute;rios ou apenas modestos.<br> <br> PALAVRAS-CHAVE: efetividade do sistema de justi&ccedil;a criminal, estrat&eacute;gias utilitaristas, impactos nas taxas de crime.<br> <br> <span style="font-weight: bold;">LIMITS OF JUSTICE: the role of the</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> criminal justice system in crime</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> reduction<br> </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Cheryl Marie Webster</span><br> <br> This paper focuses on the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in reducing crime. Specifically, it examines the impact of such utilitarian criminal justice strategies as incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation on criminal behaviour. A review of some of the more recent criminological researches suggests that the criminal justice system has serious limitations as an instrument of crime control. In fact, a growing body of academic literature examining the impact on crime rates of various strategies rooted in changes in laws, enforcement techniques, sentencing policy or correctional programs has found - in most cases - either nonexistent, transient or only modest effects.<br> <br> KEYWORDS: effectiveness of the criminal justice system, utilitarian criminal justice strategies, impacts on crime rates.<br> <br> <span style="font-weight: bold;">LES LIMITES DE LA JUSTICE: le r&ocirc;le du</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> syst&egrave;me de justice criminelle dans la</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> diminution des crimes</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><br> Cheryl Marie Webster</span><br> <br> Cet article traite de l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; du syst&egrave;me de la justice criminelle quant &agrave; la r&eacute;duction des taux de criminalit&eacute;. Il examine plus sp&eacute;cifiquement l&rsquo;impact de quelques strat&eacute;gies utilitaires de justice p&eacute;nale dans la pratique criminelle telles que l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute;, la dissuasion et la r&eacute;habilitation. L&rsquo;analyse des r&eacute;sultas des investigations criminelles les plus r&eacute;centes d&eacute;montre que le syst&egrave;me de justice p&eacute;nale a des s&eacute;rieuses limitations en tant qu&rsquo;instrument de contr&ocirc;le du crime. En effet, l&rsquo;augmentation d&rsquo;un fonds de litt&eacute;rature scientifique consacr&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;analyse de l&rsquo;impact des diverses strat&eacute;gies p&eacute;nales, bas&eacute;es sur des changements de lois, sur leur application, sur les changements dans les politiques de jugement ou sur les programmes correctionnels, et encore sur les niveaux des crimes, a permis de constater que dans la plupart des cas les effets &eacute;taient inexistants, transitoires ou simplement modestes.<br> <br> MOTS-CL&Eacute;S: efficacit&eacute; du syst&egrave;me de justice criminelle, strat&eacute;gies utilitaristes, impacts sur les taux de criminalit&eacute;.<br> <br> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Publica&ccedil;&atilde;o Online do Caderno CRH: </span><u><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><a href="http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br/">http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br</a></span></u><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </body> </html

LIMITES DA JUSTIÃA: o papel do sistema de justiça criminal na redução do crime

<meta content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" http-equiv="content-type"> (47)11 Cheryl Marie Webster O presente artigo discute a efic&aacute;cia do sistema de justi&ccedil;a criminal na redu&ccedil;&atilde;o dos n&iacute;veis de crime. Mais especificamente, examina o impacto de algumas estrat&eacute;gias utilit&aacute;rias de justi&ccedil;a penal, como as da incapacita&ccedil;&atilde;o, dissuas&atilde;o e reabilita&ccedil;&atilde;o, na pr&aacute;tica criminal. A an&aacute;lise dos resultados das mais recentes investiga&ccedil;&otilde;es criminol&oacute;gicas sugere que o sistema de justi&ccedil;a penal tem s&eacute;rias limita&ccedil;&otilde;es como instrumento de controle do crime. Na realidade, um acervo crescente de literatura acad&eacute;mica dedicada &agrave; an&aacute;lise do impacto de v&aacute;rias estrat&eacute;gias penais, baseadas em mudan&ccedil;as nas leis, na aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o da lei, nas pol&iacute;ticas de senten&ccedil;a ou nos programas correcionais, nos n&iacute;veis dos crime, constatou que, na maior parte dos casos, os efeitos eram inexistentes, transit&oacute;rios ou apenas modestos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: efetividade do sistema de justi&ccedil;a criminal, estrat&eacute;gias utilitaristas, impactos nas taxas de crime. LIMITS OF JUSTICE: the role of the criminal justice system in crime<span style="font-weight: bold;"> reduction Cheryl Marie Webster This paper focuses on the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in reducing crime. Specifically, it examines the impact of such utilitarian criminal justice strategies as incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation on criminal behaviour. A review of some of the more recent criminological researches suggests that the criminal justice system has serious limitations as an instrument of crime control. In fact, a growing body of academic literature examining the impact on crime rates of various strategies rooted in changes in laws, enforcement techniques, sentencing policy or correctional programs has found - in most cases - either nonexistent, transient or only modest effects. KEYWORDS: effectiveness of the criminal justice system, utilitarian criminal justice strategies, impacts on crime rates. LES LIMITES DE LA JUSTICE: le r&ocirc;le du<span style="font-weight: bold;"> syst&egrave;me de justice criminelle dans la diminution des crimes Cheryl Marie Webster Cet article traite de l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; du syst&egrave;me de la justice criminelle quant &agrave; la r&eacute;duction des taux de criminalit&eacute;. Il examine plus sp&eacute;cifiquement l&rsquo;impact de quelques strat&eacute;gies utilitaires de justice p&eacute;nale dans la pratique criminelle telles que l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute;, la dissuasion et la r&eacute;habilitation. L&rsquo;analyse des r&eacute;sultas des investigations criminelles les plus r&eacute;centes d&eacute;montre que le syst&egrave;me de justice p&eacute;nale a des s&eacute;rieuses limitations en tant qu&rsquo;instrument de contr&ocirc;le du crime. En effet, l&rsquo;augmentation d&rsquo;un fonds de litt&eacute;rature scientifique consacr&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;analyse de l&rsquo;impact des diverses strat&eacute;gies p&eacute;nales, bas&eacute;es sur des changements de lois, sur leur application, sur les changements dans les politiques de jugement ou sur les programmes correctionnels, et encore sur les niveaux des crimes, a permis de constater que dans la plupart des cas les effets &eacute;taient inexistants, transitoires ou simplement modestes. MOTS-CL&Eacute;S: efficacit&eacute; du syst&egrave;me de justice criminelle, strat&eacute;gies utilitaristes, impacts sur les taux de criminalit&eacute;. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Publica&ccedil;&atilde;o Online do Caderno CRH: <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><a href="http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br/">http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br<span style="color: black;"> </html